Due diligence (DD) is an extensive process undertaken by an acquiring firm in order to thoroughly and completely assess the target company’s business, assets, capabilities, and financial performance. There may be as many as 20 or more angles of due diligence analysis.
The main types of due diligence assessment Zanu Dassah Law Firm undertakes are:-
1. Financial DD
2. Asset DD
3. Legal DD
4. Administrative DD
5. Strategic
6. Environmental DD
7. Tax DD
8. Human Resources DD
1. Financial DD
One of the most important types of due diligence is the financial due diligence which seeks to check whether the financials showcased in the Confidentiality Information Memorandum (CIM) are accurate or not. Financial DD aims to provide a thorough understanding of all the company’s financials, including, but not restricted to, audited financial statements for the last three years, recent unaudited financial statements with comparable statements of the last year, the company’s projections and basis of such projections, capital expenditure plan, schedule of inventory, debtors and creditors, etc.
The financial due diligence process also involves analysis of major customer accounts, fixed and variable cost analysis, analysis of profit margins, and examination of internal control procedures. Financial DD additionally examines the company’s order book and sales pipeline, in order to create better (more accurate) projections.
Many acquirers have a separate section of financial analysis focused on the target company’s debt situation, evaluating both short-term and long-term debt, applicable interest rates, the company’s ability to service its outstanding debt and to secure more financing if needed, along with an overall examination and evaluation of the company’s capital structure.
Clinton Consultancy is regularly instructed to carry our Financial DD’s throughout Africa.
2. Asset DD
Another of the types of due diligence conducted is asset DD. Asset due diligence reports typically include a detailed schedule of fixed assets and their locations (if possible physical verification should also be done), all lease agreements for equipment, a schedule of sales and purchases of major capital equipment during the last three to five years, real estate deeds, mortgages, title policies, and use permits.
3. Legal DD
Legal due diligence is, of course, extremely important and typically includes examination and review of the following elements:
· Copy of Memorandum and Articles of Association
· Minutes of Board Meetings for the last three years
· Minutes of all meetings or actions of shareholders for the last three years
· Copy of share certificates issued to Key Management Personnel
· Copy of all guarantees to which the company is a party
· All material contracts, including any joint venture or partnership agreements; limited liability company or operating agreements
· Licensing or franchise agreements
· Copies of all loan agreements, bank financing agreements, and lines of credit to which company is a party
4. Administrative DD
Administrative DD is the aspect of due diligence that involves verifying admin-related items such as facilities, occupancy rate, number of workstations, etc. The idea of doing due diligence is to verify the various facilities owned or occupied by the seller and determine whether all operational costs are captured in the financials or not. Admin DD also gives a better picture of the kind of cost the buyer is likely to incur in case they plan to pursue expansion of the target company.
5. Strategic Fit
Acquirers are generally also very careful about exercising due diligence in regard to evaluating how well the target company fits in with the overall strategic business plan of the buyer. For example, a private equity firm considering a new acquisition will ask how well the proposed target will complement the firm’s existing portfolio of companies. A large corporation eyeing a possible M&A deal considers how easy (or how difficult) it is likely to be to successfully merge the target company into the buyer’s total corporate organization.
Following are some of the key strategic fit issues that we look at and evaluate:
· Does the target have important technology, products, or market access that the acquirer lacks and has need of or can make profitable use of?
· Does the target have key personnel that represent a substantial gain in human resources?
· Assess operational and financial synergies benefits that can be expected from the target’s integration with the acquirer
· If the target company is to be merged with the acquirer or another firm the acquirer already owns, examine the plan for merging and project how long the merger process will take and estimate the cost of implementing the actual process of merging the two firms
· Determine the best personnel from both the acquirer and the target to manage the merger process
6. Environmental DD
Diligence related to environmental regulation is very important because if the company violates any major rule, local authorities can exercise their right to penalize the company, up to and including shutting it down operationally. Hence, this makes environmental audits for each property owned or leased by the company one of the key types of due diligence. The following are reviewed by us carefully:
· List of environmental permits and licenses and validation of the same
· Copies of all correspondence and notices with the EPA, and state or local regulatory agencies
· Verify that the company’s disposal methods are in sync with current regulations and guidelines
· Check to see whether there are any contingent environmental liabilities or continuing indemnification obligations.
7. Taxes DD
Due diligence in regard to tax liability includes a review of all taxes the company is required to pay and ensuring their proper calculation with no intention of under-reporting of taxes. Additionally, verify the status of any tax-related case pending with the tax authorities.
Documentation of tax compliance and potential issues typically includes verification and review of the following:
· Copies of all tax returns – including income tax, withholding, and sales tax – for the past three to five years
· Information relating to any past or pending tax audits of the company
· Documentation related to NOL (net operating loss) or any unused credit carry forwards of deductions or tax credits
· Any important, out-of-the-ordinary correspondence with tax agencies
8. Human Resources DD
Human resources due diligence is extensive. It may include all of the following:
· Analysis of total employees, including current positions, vacancies, due for retirement, and serving notice period
· Analysis of current salaries, bonuses paid during the last three years, and years of service
· All employment contracts with nondisclosure, non-solicitation, and non-competition agreements between the company and its employees. In case there are a few irregularities regarding the general contracts, any questions or issues need to be clarified.
· HR policies regarding annual leave, sick leave, and other forms of leave are reviewed.
· Analysis of employee problems, such as alleged wrongful termination, harassment, discrimination, and any legal cases pending with current or former employees
· Potential financial impact of any current labor disputes, requests for arbitration, or grievance procedures pending